Tulsa race riot - Wikipedia. On May 3. 1 and June 1, 1. Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, participated in a riot, killing some 3. The attack, carried out on the ground and by air, destroyed more than 3. More than 8. 00 people were admitted to hospitals and more than 6,0. One of the newspapers allegedly editorialized that the youth ought to be hanged. Rumors raced through the black community that a lynch mob was planning to hang the youth. A group of armed African- American men rushed to the police station with the intention of preventing a lynching from occurring. There was no lynch mob but a confrontation developed between blacks and whites; shots were fired and some whites and blacks were killed. As the news spread throughout the city, mob violence exploded. Thousands of whites rampaged through the black community, killing men and women, burning and looting stores and homes. Some blacks claimed that policemen had joined the mob; others claimed that a machine gun was fired into the black community and a plane dropped sticks of dynamite. Blacks and whites alike grew into middle age unaware of what had taken place. Released in 2. 00. The state passed legislation to establish some scholarships for descendants of survivors, economic development of Greenwood, and a memorial park to the victims in Tulsa. The latter was dedicated in 2. Background. The territory, which was declared a state on November 1. South who had been slaveholders before the American Civil War. In the early 2. 0th century, lynchings were common in Oklahoma, as part of a continuing effort by whites to assert and maintain white supremacy. During the twenty years following the riot, the number of lynchings statewide fell to two. Its 1. 90. 7 constitution and laws had voter registration rules that disenfranchised most blacks; this also barred them from serving on juries or in local office, a situation that lasted until the federal Voting Rights Act of 1. U. S. Major cities passed their own restrictions. Cisco 6700 Series Multiservice Access Platforms Why Does My Router Lose Its Configuration During Reboot? After this show of force, the crowd withdrew from the armory. The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Race Reparations, and Reconciliation. Media in category 'After the Show (1921 film)' The following 5 files are in this category, out of 5 total. Although the United States Supreme Court declared the ordinance unconstitutional the next year, it remained on the books. At the same time, black veterans pushed to have their civil rights enforced, believing they had earned full citizenship by military service. In what became known as the .
In Chicago and some other cities, blacks defended themselves for the first time with force but were outnumbered. Northeastern Oklahoma was in an economic slump that increased unemployment. Since 1. 91. 5, the Ku Klux Klan had been growing in urban chapters across the country, particularly since veterans had been returning from the war. Its first significant appearance in Oklahoma occurred on August 1. Tulsa riot. Because of residential segregation in the city, most classes of blacks lived together in Greenwood. They selected their own leaders and raised capital there to support economic growth. In the surrounding areas of northeastern Oklahoma, blacks also enjoyed relative prosperity and participated in the oil boom. He encountered Sarah Page, the 1. The two likely knew each other at least by sight, as this building was the only one nearby with a washroom that Rowland had express permission to use, and the elevator operated by Page was the only one in the building. A clerk at Renberg's, a clothing store located on the first floor of the Drexel, heard what sounded like a woman's scream and saw a young black man rushing from the building. The clerk went to the elevator and found Page in what he said was a distraught state. Thinking she had been assaulted, he summoned the authorities. It suggests that Rowland had a simple accident, such as tripping and steadying himself against the girl, or perhaps they were lovers and had a quarrel. Whether . It seems reasonable that they would have least been able to recognize each other on sight, as Rowland would have regularly ridden in Page's elevator on his way to and from the restroom. Others, however, have speculated that the pair might have been lovers . Whether they knew each other or not, it is clear that both Dick Rowland and Sarah Page were downtown on Monday, May 3. On Memorial Day, most . Yet, both Rowland and Page were apparently working that day.. What happened next is anyone's guess. After the riot, the most common explanation was that Dick Rowland tripped as he got onto the elevator and, as he tried to catch his fall, he grabbed onto the arm of Sarah Page, who then screamed. It also has been suggested that Rowland and Page had a lovers' quarrel. However, it simply is unclear what happened. Yet, in the days and years that followed, everyone who knew Dick Rowland agreed on one thing: that he would never have been capable of rape. The word rape was rarely used in newspapers or academia in the early 2. Instead, assault was used to describe such an attack. It is generally accepted that they determined what happened between the two teenagers was something less than an assault. The authorities conducted a rather low- key investigation rather than launching a man- hunt for her alleged assailant. Afterward, Page told the police that she would not press charges. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Rowland fled to his mother's house in the Greenwood neighborhood. Tuesday, May 3. 1, 1. Pack, a black patrolman, located Rowland on Greenwood Avenue and detained him. Pack was one of two black officers on the city's approximately 4. Late that day, Police Commissioner J. Adkison said he had received an anonymous telephone call threatening Rowland's life. He ordered Rowland transferred to the more secure jail on the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse. As patrons of the shine shop where Rowland worked, many attorneys knew him. Witnesses recounted hearing several attorneys defending him in personal conversations with one another. One of the men said, . According to some witnesses, the same edition of the Tribune included an editorial warning of a potential lynching of Rowland, and entitled . All original copies of that issue of the paper have apparently been destroyed, and the relevant page is missing from the microfilm copy, so the exact content of the column (and whether it existed at all) remains in dispute. By 4 pm, the local authorities were on alert. White people began congregating at and near the Tulsa County Courthouse. By sunset at 7: 3. Mc. Cullough, the newly elected sheriff of Tulsa County, was determined to avoid events such as the 1. Roy Belton in Tulsa, which occurred during the term of his predecessor. Mc. Cullough organized his deputies into a defensive formation around Rowland, who was terrified. The sheriff positioned six of his men, armed with rifles and shotguns, on the roof of the courthouse. He disabled the building's elevator, and had his remaining men barricade themselves at the top of the stairs with orders to shoot any intruders on sight. The sheriff went outside and tried to talk the crowd into going home, but to no avail. According to an account by Scott Ellsworth, the sheriff was . Although vastly outnumbered by the growing crowd out on the street, Sheriff Mc. Cullough turned the men away. Given the recent lynching of Roy Belton, a white man accused of murder, they believed that Rowland was greatly at risk. The community was determined to prevent the lynching of the young black man, but divided about the tactics to be used. Young World War I veterans were preparing for a battle by collecting guns and ammunition. Older, more prosperous men feared a destructive confrontation that likely would cost them dearly. Gurley walked to the courthouse, where the sheriff assured him that there would be no lynching. Returning to Greenwood, Gurley tried to calm the group, but failed. About 7: 3. 0 pm, a mob of approximately 3. Rowland from the mob. Assuring them that Rowland was safe, the sheriff and his black deputy, Barney Cleaver, encouraged the men to return home. Others headed for the National Guardarmory at Sixth Street and Norfolk Avenue, where they planned to arm up. The armory contained a supply of small arms and ammunition. Major James Bell of the 1. Infantry had already learned of the mounting situation downtown and the possibility of a break- in, and he took appropriate measures to prevent this. He called the commanders of the three National Guard units in Tulsa, who ordered all the Guard members to put on their uniforms and report quickly to the armory. When a group of whites arrived and began pulling at the grating over a window, Bell went outside to confront the crowd of 3. Bell told them that the Guard members inside were armed and prepared to shoot anyone who tried to enter. After this show of force, the crowd withdrew from the armory. Several local leaders, including Reverend Charles W. Kerr, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, tried to dissuade mob action. The chief of police, John A. Gustafson, later claimed that he tried to talk the crowd into going home. The black community was worried about the safety of Rowland. Small groups of armed black men began to venture toward the courthouse in automobiles, partly for reconnaissance, and to demonstrate they were prepared to take necessary action to protect Rowland. Eyewitnesses reported gunshots, presumably fired into the air, increasing in frequency during the evening. Shortly after 1. 0 pm, a second, larger group of approximately seventy- five armed black men decided to go to the courthouse. They offered their support to the sheriff, who declined their help. According to witnesses, a white man is alleged to have told one of the armed black men to surrender his pistol. The man refused, and a shot was fired. That first shot may have been accidental, or meant as a warning shot; it was a catalyst for an exchange of gunfire. A rolling gunfight ensued. The armed white mob pursued the black group toward Greenwood, with many stopping to loot local stores for additional weapons and ammunition. Along the way innocent bystanders, many of whom were leaving a movie theater after a show, were caught off guard by the mob and began fleeing. Watch After the Show online 1.
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